Letters to the Editor: June 2025

The Rarest Kind of Best in Anything

Casey Chalk’s column “Antidote to the Ideologization of Children’s Literature” (Revert’s Rostrum, April) reminded me of Marianne Carus, a German immigrant and mother of three, who tried to improve American children’s literature. Here is what The Fussy Librarian wrote after this wise woman died in 2021: “If you grew up — or raised kids — on Cricket magazine, we’re sorry to say that its creator has passed away…. Carus was both discouraged by the reading material her children brought home and inspired to offer something better…. Apparently other parents felt the same way as Carus, because when she and her husband launched Cricket in 1973, it became a smash hit.”

Carus wanted literary fare that didn’t underestimate young readers, and she envisioned Cricket as “The New Yorker for children.” She often said, paraphrasing English poet and children’s author Walter de la Mare, that only “the rarest kind of best in anything is good enough for children.”

So, in any discussion of good people with both wisdom and common sense who were, or are, trying to help children learn how to deal with the world as it is constituted, I humbly submit the name of Marianne Carus.

John F. Early

Bronx, New York

The Wrong Answer

Regarding Pieter Vree’s column “Transitioning Back to Sanity” (New Oxford Notebook, April): When I was an urgent-care physician, I had occasion to treat transgender patients — not for issues related to their transition, but for ordinary things like sprained ankles and sinus infections. My overwhelming reaction to these people was one of sympathy. They all struck me as deeply unhappy and disturbed. I never got the impression that their transitioning benefitted, much less resolved, their underlying issues.

Our minds and bodies are meant to be in harmony. For atheists, or naturalists, what we are — our minds and personality — is nothing but an epiphenomenon of the neural-electrical activity in our brains. And if you have a normal body (not one of the genetic or hormonal abnormalities that can result in the rare cases of intersexism or ambiguous genitalia), then where does the problem lie? In the mind. Amputating healthy body parts and pumping the body full of hormones is not the answer.

For those who believe that a person is a body/soul composite, the same applies. Amputating healthy body parts and pumping the body full of hormones is not the answer to a mental, emotional, or spiritual problem.

Regardless of whether a person is an atheist or a Christian, the body and mind are meant to be in sync, and so the problem is either in the mind/spirit or in the rest of the body. If the body is normal, then the problem necessarily lies in the mind/spirit, and mutilating the body by removing healthy organs and flooding it with (the wrong) hormones is entirely the wrong approach.

The unfortunate people who think they are “in the wrong body” either have to acknowledge that if their body is healthy, the problem lies in their mind, or that God made a mistake and placed their soul in the wrong body. What kind of a God does that? A God who makes mistakes is one not worthy of worship.

It is similar to the people afflicted with body dysmorphic disorder, who feel that if only their leg were cut off, or if only their eyes were removed, or if only they were made quadriplegic, they’d be happy. Here, too, mutilating bodies is not the answer to mental, emotional, or spiritual problems.

Given that the overwhelming majority of children who feel they are the “wrong gender” eventually come to identify with their sex (which is a given, not assigned), to perform chemical and surgical mutilation on them is abominable. It is child abuse. It is deplorable that the medical profession has not come out strongly against this. Rather than pretending that men can be made into women, and vice versa (they become only a non-fertile imitation of the opposite sex), appropriate mental treatments need to be developed. Thankfully, the United Kingdom and some countries in Europe are coming to realize this. If only America would follow.

Andrew M. Seddon, M.D.

Gainesville, Florida

Pieter Vree answers much of what he questions about gender-affirming care for minors when he asks “How did we get here?” by critiquing the work of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health and examining the histories of several of its victims.

On top of that, transgenderism is a contagion induced by today’s progressive society, so it is mostly a social construct. A contagion is usually associated with an infectious disease spread rapidly from person to person. The rapid spread of transgenderism is a disease of the mind and a distortion of the soul, resulting from the decay of moral norms in a “liberated” society. Vree gives credit to President Donald Trump’s executive order “Protecting Children from Chemical and Surgical Mutilation” for beginning the reversal of the evil policies of former President Joe Biden, for the greater good of our nation.

As president, Biden became the most virulent crusader for transgenderism, but he wouldn’t have achieved as much all by himself. The National Education Association (the largest public school teachers’ union) has specific guidelines titled Legal Guidance on Transgender Students’ Rights. Embedded in the dizzying array of transgender “rights” can be found this admonition: “Administration and faculty should not disclose a student’s actual or perceived sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression to others, including other students, parents or guardians, or other school personnel, unless required to do so by law.” In July 2024 California governor Gavin Newsom signed a law barring public school districts from passing policies to notify parents about students’ gender-identity changes. Other states’ public school personnel are using clandestine tactics to keep parents from knowing the gender-identity changes of their public grade school children.

Biden was more than happy to facilitate the transgender process. When he attended the 2022 National and State Teachers of the Year event, he said, “They’re not somebody else’s children, they’re like yours when they’re in the classroom.” Biden repeated this to them in 2023. The implication is crystal clear. By contrast, Trump is helping America transition back to sanity by keeping transgenderism out of the military, properly interpreting Title IX as barring men (“transgender women”) from women’s sports, and recognizing only two immutable sexes, male and female, at the federal level (which rules out transgenderism). More changes back to moral sanity are in the works by the Trump administration. Maybe God did redirect that bullet to pierce Trump’s ear rather than hit him square in the head.

Dan Arthur Pryor

Belvidere, New Jersey

The Difficulty of Creating Good Definitions

As much as I admire Anthony Rizzi for his well-intentioned efforts to reconcile science and religion, I reluctantly disagree with some of the opinions he expresses in his interview with Christopher Beiting (“On Love & Friendship,” April). Prof. Rizzi contrasts a “billiard-ball culture” arising from “equation-alone thinking” with the requirements for true friendship. He offers a solution: replacing the blindness of “scientism” with a truly humanistic view of reality.

Sounds good, but let’s be more specific. Take the admitted science of arithmetic, which certainly promotes equation-alone thinking. Look as long as you want and you will find in it neither the definition of nor an equation about friendship. Yet, I doubt Rizzi would eliminate its study as an early item in our educational curriculum. Most would argue that eliminating knowledge of arithmetic would severely degrade human culture. So, the problem lies not in true science but, more likely, in false science. Here I would offer Einsteinian physics, of which Rizzi is a known proponent. Its many contradictions might just be the cause of the dystopia Rizzi is so apt in describing. Let me challenge Rizzi. I say all Einsteinian physics is false and a contributing cause of the dystopia he describes.

Rizzi appears to believe that his new definition of friendship is superior to the older and familiar ones. Permit me a word about definitions. First, definitions are tautologies — they merely exchange one group of symbols for another group. As such, they convey no new knowledge. They differ from equations in that equations must be proven, and if so, they do convey new knowledge. Definitions merely need to be accepted. They are good or bad depending on how they describe reality. It is a common fallacy of Einsteinian physics to assert a definition and then treat it as an equation, thus finessing the need to prove it. In my experience, the creation of a good definition is among the most difficult tasks of any science. Try defining physics as opposed to defining technology.

Rizzi rightly sees his definition of friendship as resting on prior definitions of love, seeing, goodness, and truth in a generic sense. His examples are always specific. It is certainly admirable to attempt to create a generic definition from specific instances, but it is arduous. If, as Rizzi asserts, “friends are those who love each other in the truth and seek mutual growth in the truth,” then Christ and His redeemed cannot be friends. Yet Jesus calls those of us who follow His commandments His “friends” (Jn. 15:14-15).

Joseph R. Breton, Ph.D.

Walpole, Massachusetts

I’ve always been struck by how clear and consistent Anthony Rizzi’s thinking is. For example, in his interview with Christopher Beiting, he extends the ideas of truth and love into the realm of friendship. My favorite part is this: “Love is seeing, via the senses through the intellect, the good and thus the true in and of another; being attracted to it; wanting to remain with it and enjoy it; and being willing to protect and nurture it…. In a real, full love, seeing the good and true of and in your friend, you are emotionally attracted to him. You like him.”

This really got me thinking about a lot of relationships in my life that, looking back, probably weren’t true friendships. Isn’t it a joy to practice what you know to be true?

Dr. Rizzi mentions three types of friendship: male/male, male/female, and female/female. I rarely see female friendships like the one between Sam and Frodo in The Lord of the Rings. Some philosophers, such as Michel de Montaigne, even thought friendships between women are shallow. That leads me to ask: Why are female/female friendships different from the other types? How should women build friendships with other women, and what should female/female friendships look like? Are there any ideal examples of female friendship?

Jiahui Bai

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

ANTHONY RIZZI REPLIES:

To Joseph R. Breton

The core of our cultural problem is, indeed, bad science, as you alluded to. Modern science is what makes the modern world modern, and it is good in itself, but it has not been properly digested. The equation-based understanding that exists within modern physics and is so good when properly understood has not been properly understood. As physics (the study of the physical world) is the base science upon which all other sciences stand (everything we know comes from what we know through the senses), the cultural result is that basic reality is opaque to us. We are increasingly unable to process what we actually see in front of our faces. We spontaneously substitute what we are told to think for what we actually see. The rules and symbolic structures we were taught all our lives substitute for the things we actually see! To fully understand this, see my book The Science Before Science: A Guide to Thinking in the 21st Century and my articles “What Is Science?” and “The Science Before Science: Reintegration of the Modern Mind and Its Science” published in Physics and Culture, the magazine of the Institute for Advanced Physics (iapweb.org/magazine). See also the IAP central theorem at iapweb.org/mission.

Einstein’s equations are valid at their level of specification (equationally, we say “within their domain”), and not wrong, but they need to be understood from a fully physical point of view. Their equational meaning isn’t the same as their physical meaning. Understanding the physical meaning is a task for accomplished, experienced physicists (not for modern philosophers), for only physicists know the meaning of the equations and their essential relation to experiment. This study is happening at IAP. Such study doesn’t change the equational theory itself; it helps us truly and properly understand it. The equations don’t directly tell us, for example, what time and space are. Proper digestion of Einstein’s equations can tell us something profound about time and space. Without this digestion (which, outside of IAP, no one has done), people come to false conclusions, such as that time and space blend into each other or even that “time doesn’t truly exist.” For examples of how we can move from equation-alone physics to fully understood physics, see the textbooks Physics for Realists: Mechanics, Physics for Realists: Electricity and Magnetism, and Physics for Realists: Quantum Mechanics (iapweb.org/store).

Another result of the equation-alone physics is that we think we start with particulars and guess at general principles by looking at lots of particulars. This is not human thinking but can be a tool of human thinking. Human thinking sees general things in every particular and then proceeds to dive further into the specifics of those things. In this green leaf in my hand, I see the general green that can exist in principle in some other leaf or a vegetable or a dye or whatever. Likewise, the definition of friendship is seen in our particular friendships. It takes careful observation, thought, and reasoning to come to see, in those particular friendships, the specific essence of friendship. My definition gives that in proper specification for man.

Definitions, in the first sense of the word, do carry information; they convey the reality of a thing through other, more primary things or by calling to mind the primary things themselves, the things we see directly. In saying that definitions do not carry information, you are confusing this first sense of the word definition with a somewhat trivial symbol-centered definition that equation-alone physics has ingrained in us. For example, when I say “a” will stand for “apple,” I have defined “a,” but no information is conveyed other than that connection between the two symbols.

Lastly, the definition of friends as “those who love each other in the truth and seek mutual growth in the truth” is specified by the context of mere human beings. For the God-Man, there is no growth in truth since He is Truth. The growth is entirely one-sided. Still, the definition applies if we take that point into account. God loves each of us in the truth of each of us, and He rejoices in the truth He has put in us — and we should do the same. He “longs” for us to grow in truth more perfectly, to grow closer to Him.

I hope more people find the time to dive into these and so many more things in my article “Love and Friendship: What is Love? What is a Friend?” (iapweb.org/magazine#vol3).

To Jiahui Bai

Thank you for your question, which goes to a crucial point. In my article referenced above, I give, for the first time, the proper starting point of further specifying the meaning of friendship beyond the generic definition, which consists in distinguishing the three primary types of friendship.

Keep in mind that we are speaking of proper friendships, friendships as they should be, not as privative, not acting against their nature. To sum up a complex topic: Male/female friendships are primary in time and principle. Male/male friendships are important because they are the basis for the building and growing of culture: Men talk to each other about things and become friends in the process, and then they design, build, and discuss bigger and better things. Female/female friendships bring into play the hidden relational side of the world: They tend, when properly ordered, not to be two women building the world but building bridges between people. Those friendships are essential but more hidden from view. Remember, being in full view doesn’t necessarily make something more important. The outside of a house is most prominent, but the inside, the hidden side, is where life is lived and the things that matter happen. I think this is the reason we don’t see female/female friendships given prominence in literature. Man and woman are action and reception relative to each other and thus radically different but also radically interdependent, and we should expect radical but complementary differences to show up in life and in good literature.

A Place Where Something Exciting Always Happens

Mike Filce’s article “Heaven: A Stumbling Block?” (March) raises important questions. Despite offering numerous quotes from the writing of saints, the Bible, and the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Mr. Filce makes a strong point that we really don’t know much about Heaven — though it seems to me to be a much better place than its equally eternal alternative. Jesus told us there is no marriage in Heaven. He also told Mary Magdalen to cool it with the hugs because He had not yet ascended into Heaven, but He didn’t seem to mind her lavishing kisses on His feet while He reclined at table. These snippets hint that, despite Filce’s lament that Heaven might not have pickleball, it still promises to be a desirable destination.

What really throws me for a loop, however, and I am sure Filce would concur, is the wonder of this creation. That this tiny Blue Marble Earth, out of all the awesome vastness of the universe, should be the place where the Eternal Word became incarnate in the womb of a Hebrew virgin to be born, grow, suffer, die, and be resurrected for the purpose of destroying Satan’s kingdom of sin and death and liberating us to go to Heaven with Him is so far beyond the powers of human invention that it must be divine truth.

Certainly, this creation, though tainted by sin and death, can still be seen as a sacrament of God Himself. “Creation,” as Christians should call the universe (or universes, if astronomers find any others), displays the workings, and the play, of an infinite Intelligence, an infinite Power, and, with the creation of man, infinite Goodness and Love. But what, then, is God’s own kingdom of Heaven like? If the material universe is so magnificent, Heaven must be orders of magnitude more magnificent. Most agree, and Scripture indicates, that Heaven is indeed a glorious place, a glorious physical place where “multitudes so numerous they cannot be counted” will dwell (Rev. 7:9).

But just as on Earth, the physical circumstances of Heaven, whatever they may be, are not nearly as important as the kind of life lived in those circumstances. In Heaven it will be eternal life lived with, and in, God Himself. Filce essentially asks, “Doing what?” It’s an apt question, something we’d all like to know.

On Earth, Christians continue the battle to bring Christ’s kingdom of love, truth, and grace to the dismal society on Earth. Many are martyred for the sake of the kingdom. It’s the greatest drama of all: salvation history. The “greatest story ever told” is the story of the Christ. But what if God has something planned for eternal life that is even more exciting, even more dramatic? I think Heaven is going to be very exciting, dramatic, and triumphant.

God the Father can really keep a secret. He holds His cards very close to His vest, we might say. The Father didn’t even make known to Jesus when the end of the world will be, or when Jesus shall return in triumph to render the Final Judgment. My point is: Could this life we live on Earth be nothing more than a tryout, a warmup, an audition for the Really Big Show, the Major Leagues, that is, Heaven? I offer a case in point: Mary.

Mary’s approved apparitions in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries were dramatic events. She considered them so critically important that she would weep openly. Her message was always serious and of worldwide import. Mary has segued successfully from the Annunciation to the Crucifixion, through Pentecost to the Assumption, and to her crowning in Heaven, where she is living a dynamic life as the Queen of Heaven. There probably is no pickleball in Heaven because nobody in his right mind is going to want to play pickleball when Mary is calling us to help her spectacularly manifest the glory of God and His kingdom.

Michael Phillip Miller

Cressona, Pennsylvania

A Ray of Sunshine

I find the NOR most enlightening. As a cradle Catholic, for years I bought into what the official Church was teaching us. However, I feel like I’ve become more discerning about my faith since reading the NOR. I’ve learned about many of the things the Church is not revealing to us from the pulpit or in diocesan publications, such as the problems with modern liturgical music, the Latin vs. the vernacular Mass, the Vatican bureaucracy, the Orthodox schism, the extent of the priestly sex-abuse scandal, the Georgetown University slavery issue, and repentance at death. Reading the NOR has expanded my understanding of philosophy and theology and helped me understand more deeply various ideas and controversies. I also appreciate the give and take in the letters section and that the NOR prints critical feedback from its readers.

At three-quarters a century in age, I am still learning. Thank you very much. I will continue to share the NOR with as many people as possible.

Morris Perkins

Park City, Kansas

Thank you for being a ray of sunshine in my reading life! When the world couldn’t figure out the value of my vocation (woman, wife, mother), there the NOR was, a voice of reason. Like the prisoners whose letters you print (April, most recently), I don’t get out much, as ironic as that might seem. This mother doing dishes within her four walls can relate to the hope those prisoners feel in your publication. Keep on printing!

JoAnne Brochard

Phoenix, Arizona

I am grateful to the NOR for sustaining my faith for many, many years. May this small contribution help sustain the faith of some prisoners.

Nancy Sims

Ridgefield, Washington

Thank you for your fabulous publication, and for the opportunity to reach our incarcerated brothers and sisters through the NOR’s Scholarship Fund.

Ben Fagan

North Falmouth, Massachusetts

Ed. Note: Courtesy of our Scholarship Fund — which is entirely reader-funded — we are able to gift gratis one-year subscriptions to those without the means to pay for them, such as retired religious and prisoners (the latter of whom make up the bulk of Scholarship recipients). If you know of someone who would benefit from a subscription but can’t afford one, please send us their information with a brief explanation of why you are nominating them for a Scholarship subscription. Correspondence and contributions may be sent to: NOR, Scholarship Fund, 1069 Kains Ave., Berkeley CA 94706. Donations may also be made online at newoxfordreview.org/donations (simply check the box indicating that your contribution is for our Scholarship Fund). We thank you for your charity to the faithful in trying circumstances.

Thank you for the short, handwritten note alerting me to the publication of my letter to the editor (Jan.-Feb.). You can’t understand how much it means to me. I was surprised, grateful, and humbled that you not only read my letter but printed it. I particularly want to thank you for letting me know that you passed my letter along to Caitlin Smith Gilson and Carol Scott, co-authors of the volume of verse, Rhapsody and Redolence: The Crystal Decade.

Your note arrived at the exact moment I needed it. I’d been discouraged for many months, wondering if I made the right choice to enter the Church. I was in my cell during count time when our unit’s correction officer put your letter through the crack in the cell door while I was praying, crying, and pouring my heart out to Jesus. I’m close to tears now as I write this. You have no idea how much God used you to encourage me.

Though it embarrasses me to do so, I have one small favor to ask. Your letter arrived before January 10. As of January 13, Oregon’s Department of Corrections changed its mail rules. All incoming mail is now subject to ridiculous new requirements. It pertains to you or any of your staff or readers who wish — ha, I wish! — to correspond with me or with Steve Moos, my neighbor here at SRCI whose letter you also printed (we are in the same unit and teach the Saturday English-speakers’ Catholic class together before the Vigil Mass, and we do our best to help facilitate RCIA). To be clear, I do not expect replies, but to be vulnerable, honest, and transparent, it would really lift my spirits. I understand that the NOR is not the place for lonely prisoners to look for pen pals — which is why this is so embarrassing! The new requirements are as follows. Incoming mail must be:

•  written in pen or lead pencil, typewritten, or photocopied,
•  on standard weight (20 lb. or less) white paper,
•  and enclosed in a commercially produced envelope using standard weight (20 lb. or less) white paper that is no larger than 9 inches by 12 inches in size.

Any mail that doesn’t meet these requirements will be refused, including greeting cards and postcards, anything in non-white, padded, or corrugated envelopes, or those with security features or tear-resistant features. More information can be found at oregon.gov/doc.

I hope NOR readers continue to be challenged by my little gift. I followed the prompting of the Holy Spirit and St. Thérèse and sent a small bit of money and the letter as a “seed” that, Lord willing, will take root and grow in others’ hearts and minds, thereby providing more generosity toward the NOR.

I won’t take up any more of your time or patience. I just want to stress again my gratitude to you. I tucked your personal note to me in the pages of my copy of Rhapsody and Redolence. Don’t take this the wrong way, but it’s kind of like a love letter — a brotherly or phileo love letter, but a very meaningful one, and one I do not take for granted.

Mark Kirkpatrick

Snake River Correctional Institution

Ontario, Oregon

Ed. Note: Readers who wish to correspond with Mr. Kirkpatrick, Mr. Moos, or any of the other prisoners who receive Scholarship subscriptions may contact the NOR for their mailing addresses by phoning 510-526-5374 or writing to NOR, 1069 Kains Ave., Berkeley CA 94706.

The letters from Frank Schwindler and Patrick Corrigan (April), who lament the struggles Catholic prisoners have accessing pastoral care, remind me of an experience I had a few years back when the Diocese of Fort Worth sent out its annual stewardship commitment forms to parishes with instructions to, among other things, check the square box for any ministry in which you are currently engaged and the circle for any in which you have an interest. I checked the circle for prison ministry. “Hmmm,” came the response from the diocese. They had a women’s prison ministry at the federal penitentiary, but nothing for men. Eventually, they decided to start a men’s ministry, and I was put in contact with Fr. Richard Collins, who is in charge of prison-ministry operations for the diocese.

I met up at an appointed time at the Sanders Estes Unit in Venus with Fr. Collins and a couple deacons who had already been serving. On my second visit to the prison, I got to witness the confirmation of one of the inmates and offer congratulations at the conclusion of Mass. But then there was a changing of the guard in the chaplaincy at the facility. The new chaplain apparently has an anti-Catholic bias. Fr. Collins was the only one whose name was kept on the list of persons allowed entry without filling out paperwork and obtaining approval for each visit. He appealed to the warden, who deferred to the chaplain’s judgment, and the Catholic ministry at Sanders Estes ceased.

On an entirely different note: According to Pieter Vree’s editorial (“What Price Freedom?” April), the NOR is not moving to Montana or to New Hampshire. It’s stuck in California with a bond stronger than that securing clams and oysters to their shells. But for some mysterious reason, unsolicited book review submissions are supposed to go to Cincinnati. What gives?

Jim Rice

Arlington, Texas

Ed. Note: Why Cincinnati? That’s where our book review editor and her family live. And so nobody thinks we’re engaged in some kind of subterfuge here: I did write in my editorial that the Vree family “and the families of several others” who work for the NOR “are native to California” — note that I wrote “several,” not “all.” Another of our editors lives in Pennsylvania. Our writers, of course, hail from all over the world.

I was raised in beautiful San Diego and lived in California for 55 years. I got out! So did all my family. It’s possible and doable.

Barbara Renshaw

Surprise, Arizona

I enjoy reading the NOR. I am a Catholic revert, 80 years of age, a retired teacher, and a lifelong organic subsistence grower. I supported a family of seven on a rural teacher’s salary supplemented by income from our labor growing food and by repairing things ourselves. All of it, whether struggle or joy, has been and continues to be a blessing.

Regarding the NOR’s location: The northwestern part of Pennsylvania is a fine area. Our community is still largely Catholic. Land is roughly $3,000 an acre, and in towns like Oil City or Franklin, buildings suitable for a publishing operation such as yours would be reasonably priced if you couldn’t build a new one yourself. If you want to relocate here, there are people who would assist you.

Other options are Florida or Virginia. There are a lot of Catholics in Florida, as well as big, prosperous parishes. The climate is moderate in the winter and tolerable with air-conditioning in the summer. Land is more expensive, however, due to migration from blue states, but still available, especially in the northern agricultural region. In Virginia, the Church is strong and growing in the areas around Front Royal and Fredericksburg. I don’t know about real estate there, but there might be real financial help available.

If I can help the NOR in any way, contact me. I don’t have much money, but I do have some time.

Terrence J. Moore

Lucinda, Pennsylvania

Ed. Note: Barbara Renshaw and Terrence J. Moore have given us much food for thought. Certainly there are other, cheaper — even greener — pastures out there. Aside from family connections, one of the other draws of being located in California — especially Berkeley, a.k.a. Berserkeley — is that, as my father and NOR founding editor, Dale Vree, used to say, out here we’re on the front lines of the culture of death, and we can see clearly what’s coming at those Catholics who are comfortably ensconced in burbs and villas (and farms), surrounded by a coterie of likeminded believers. It spares us the illusion that Catholicism is “winning” or even marginally ascending in these United States. It helps keep our minds sharp and our loins girded for the great spiritual battles we are called, by virtue of our vocation as Christians, to fight in this mortal coil.

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